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山东省潍坊市人民医院 钟 池 王安宁 宋保华 于新军 逄迎春 张爱娟 【摘要】目的 探讨抗栓药物联合应用对失去溶栓机会的急性脑梗死患者的疗效及安全性。方法 起病6-12小时的急性脑梗死患者约83例,随机分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组(n =46)给与巴曲酶、肠溶阿斯匹林、双嘧达莫等抗拴药物,及其他常规治疗。对照组(n =37)除常规治疗外,尚给与阿斯匹林治疗。观察治疗前及治疗后病人的神经功能缺损评分、Barthel指数,以及治疗组凝血常规等实验指标的变化。结果 治疗后14天治疗组神经功能缺损评分(12.7±6.4)显著低于对照组(20.1±7.2)(P <0.01)。治疗后90天治疗组患者Barthel指数(86.8±12.9),显著高于对照组(43.4±15.1)(P <0.01)。治疗组总有效率为93.5%,对照组总有效率为56.8%,两组相比差异显著(P<0.01)。抗栓药物联合治疗后,除纤维蛋白原明显降低外,其他凝血指标没有明显变化。结论 抗栓药物联合治疗对失去溶栓机会的急性脑梗死患者较单用阿司匹林有更好的临床效果,而且出血事件的风险也没有增加。 【关键词】 急性脑梗死 联合抗栓治疗 巴曲酶 阿司匹林 双嘧达莫 Combinative antithrombotic therapy for patients with acute cerebral infarction. Chi Zhong, An-Ning Wang, Bao-Hua Song, Xin-Jun Yu, Ying-Chun Pang, Ai-Juan Zhang Department of Neurology,Weifang People`s Hospital,Weifang 261041,China Corresponding Author:Chi Zhong 【Abstract】Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of combinative antithrombotic therapy for patients with acute cerebral infarction who were not eligible for thrombolysis .Methods:Eighty –three patients with acute cerebral infarction at six to twelve hours after the onset were randomly allocated into two groups: treatment group(n=46) recived batroxobin, aspirin and dipyridamole;control group(n=37) received aspirin. Neurologic impairment scole was measured at days 0, and 14. Barthel index of the two groups were observed at days 0 and 90. Blood coagulation action of the treatment group was also measured at days 0, 5 and 11. Results: In treatment group ,the nervous function defect integral examined 14d after trearment(12.7±6.4)was markedly decreased than that of control group(20.1±7.2). A remarkable difference(P<0.01)was noticed between them. The Barthel index of the treatment group at 90d after trearment(86.8±12.9)was markedly increased than that of control group(43.4±15.1)(P<0.01).The total effective rate of treatment group and control group were 93.5% and 56.8% respectively(P<0.01).Conclusions: The efficacy of combinative antithrombotic therapy for patients with acute cerebral infarction who were not eligible for thrombolysis is better than aspirin alone. Further more , the risk of bleeding may not increase in combinative antithrombotic therapy. 【Kay Words】 acute cerebral infarction; combinative antithrombotic therapy; batroxobin; aspirin; dipyridamole 脑梗死的超早期以溶栓治疗为主,但受治疗时间窗等诸多因素的影响,许多患者失去了这一宝贵的治疗机会。因此,如何在急性期恰当地应用降纤、抗血小板聚集疗法,即抗栓治疗有着重要的临床意义。我们应用巴曲酶、肠溶阿斯匹林、双嘧达莫等抗拴药物,对失去溶栓机会的急性脑梗死患者进行治疗,取得了良好的疗效,现报道如下。 1 对象和方法 1.1 对象 2005年2月-2008年1月在我院神经内科住院的颈内动脉系闭塞的急性脑梗塞患者83例。脑梗死的诊断参照1995年全国第四届脑血管病学术会议的诊断标准,且均经CT或MRI证实。采用随机、对照的方法。研究分为治疗组、对照组。(1)治疗组:共46例。其中男29例,女17例;年龄41~68岁,平均(55±9)岁。(2)对照组:共37例。其中男24例,女13例;年龄44~70岁,平均(57±11)岁。 1.2 分组治疗方法 ①治疗组:给予巴曲酶10u加入生理盐水250ml静脉点滴,1次/日,连用3天;阿斯匹林0.1,每天一次;双嘧达莫50 mg,每天3次。此外,常规给与脱水、降颅压,改善微循环等治疗。10天后继续应用阿斯匹林和潘生丁等治疗。 ②对照组:除常规给与脱水、降颅压,改善微循环等治疗外,给与阿斯匹林0.1,每日一次。 1.3 神经功能缺损程度 根据1995年全国第四届脑血管病学术会议制定的脑卒中患者临床神经功能缺损评分标准[2],对病人的神经功能缺损情况于治疗前及治疗后14天进行评定。 1.4 日常生活能力评定 采用Barthel指数量表,于治疗前及治疗后90天,对病人的日常生活能力进行评定。 1.5 临床疗效 根据1995年全国第四届脑血管病学术会议制定的脑卒中临床疗效评定标准,于治疗后14天对临床治疗效果进行评定。 1.6 凝血常规检查 于治疗前及治疗后5、11天分别检测凝血常规。 1.7 特殊检查 在治疗前及治疗后11天行头颅CT或MRI检查。 1.8 统计学处理 应用SPSS10.0软件包进行统计分析。计量资料用 表示,神经功能缺损程度、Barthel指数采用t检验。疗效结果的判断采用x2检验。P<0.05为有统计学意义。 2、结果 2.1 神经缺损功能评分 治疗后14天两组患者的神经功能缺损评分均降低,治疗组为12.7±6.4,与治疗前相比有显著性差异(P<0.01);对照组为20.1±7.2,与治疗前相比亦有显著性差异(P <0.05)。治疗后14天治疗组患者神经功能缺损评分明显低于对照组,两者之间比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.01)。结果见表1。 2.2 Barthel指数 治疗后90天两组患者的Barthel指数均明显提高,治疗组为86.8±12.9,与治疗前相比有显著性差异(P<0.01);对照组为43.4±15.1,与治疗前相比亦有显著性差异(P<0.05)。治疗后90天治疗组患者Barthel指数明显高于对照组,两者之间比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.01)。结果见表2。 2.5 颅脑CT或MRI检查 治疗14天后复查颅脑CT或MRI,未见脑内出血。 2.6 不良反应 抗栓治疗后,患者无明显不适。无皮肤粘膜出血。两组治疗前后血、尿、大便常规,肝、肾功能,心电图等均未见明显异常。 2、讨论 溶栓、抗血小板和降纤治疗是缺血性脑血管病的主要治疗手段。脑梗死超早期以溶栓治疗为主,但受治疗时间窗等诸多因素的影响,许多患者失去了这一宝贵的治疗机会。防止微血栓的进一步形成,保持有效的微循环,对防止病情的进展至关重要。因此,抗栓治疗在脑梗死急性期有着重要的作用。 血栓主要由血小板和纤维素组成。因此,最佳的治疗药物应该直接针对这2种成分。抗血小板和降纤治疗仅能作为卒中治疗策略的组成部分之一,没有任何药物能够提供完全的神经保护。因此,不同作用机制抗栓药物的联合应用才能够发挥更加有效的作用。本研究对发病后6-12小时的颈内动脉系统急性脑梗死病人,在常规治疗的基础上采用了巴曲酶、肠溶阿斯匹林及双嘧达莫等三种抗拴药物联合治疗,以观察抗栓药物联合治疗与单纯应用肠溶阿斯匹林抗栓治疗的差别。 抗血小板治疗多应用于脑梗死的二级预防,临床常用药物为阿司匹林。阿司匹林是目前在卒中急性期唯一有循证医学证据的抗血小板药物,临床试验结果显示阿司匹林能够显著降低急性期缺血性卒中患者的死亡率及卒中复发率,对于不溶栓的脑梗死病人应尽早应用阿司匹林。 潘生丁是另一种常用的抗小板药物,其作用机制与阿司匹林不同。近年的研究表明,阿司匹林与双嘧达莫联合用药有助于提高抗血小板作用,对卒中的治疗及预防效果显著优于单用阿司匹林或双嘧达莫。阿司匹林的出血副作用与剂量有关,联合用药后减少了两者的用量,其副作用也明显减少。本研究采用小剂量阿司匹林与双嘧达莫两种抗血小板药联合应用,以增强疗效,同时减少副作用。 研究表明,在急性缺血性脑血管病早期存在高纤维蛋白原血症,而且卒中急性期纤维蛋白原升高使得卒中后1年内的死亡率增加。纤维蛋白原升高能引起血浆粘稠度升高,与血栓形成关系密切,在血小板粘附和聚集过程中起桥梁作用。研究证明,巴曲酶治疗急性脑梗死有明显的临床效果其机制主要是通过降低血浆纤维蛋白元而发挥抗凝、降低血粘度、改善脑循环等作用,从而达到治疗和预防脑梗死的目的。 本研究治疗组采用巴曲酶、肠溶阿斯匹林及双嘧达莫等三种抗拴药物联合用于治疗发病后6-12小时内的急性脑梗死患者,而对照组单纯应用肠溶阿司匹林一种抗栓药物。结果发现,治疗组与对照组相比治疗后神经功能缺损显著减轻、日常生活能力显著改善、临床有效率显著提高。抗栓药物联合治疗组治疗后第5、11天血浆纤维蛋白原较治疗前显著降低,而对其它凝血指标没有明显影响。抗栓药物联合治疗后并没有发生颅内、外出血事件。 本研究表明,对于不适合溶栓的急性脑梗死病人尽早采用巴曲酶、肠溶阿斯匹林及双嘧达莫等抗栓药物联合用药,可以达到有效治疗、改善预后的效果。 Contributions of white matter hyperintensities and lacunar infarcts to cognitive impairment in subcortical ischemic vascular disease Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050017, P.R. China Hebo Wang Peiyuan Lu Tianjun Wang Zongcheng Guo Jianhua Wang Jilin Sun Ling Li Hezheng Zhang Changlin Liu Yingmin Chen Yaqing Feng 【Abstract】Objectives: To evaluate the contributions of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and lacunar infarcts (LI) to cognitive impairment in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD) as a result of cerebral small vessel disease. Methods: SIVD was determined according to the Erkinjuntti’s brain MRI criteria. A total of 49 patients who had ever suffered at least an acute ischemic stroke 3 months before were included and after receiving comprehensive clinical evaluation they were divided into three groups: no cognitive impairment (NCI), vascular cognitive impairment no dementia (vCIND) and vascular dementia (VaD) group. The volume of WMH was measured using a semi-automated MRI quantitative method; the number of LI was counted as well. One-way analysis of variance or χ2 test was performed to evaluate the difference between groups. Finally, the partial correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between general cognitive function and WMH or LI. Results: Of the 49 SIVD patients, 24 (49%) had normal cognitive function, 15(36%) had mild cognitive deficit but no dementia, and the others fulfilled with VaD. There were no significant differences between the study groups in the number of LI. The WMH volume of NCI group was lower than that of VaD group (p=0.001) and vCIND group (p=0.023). There was a significant correlation between volume of WMH and age even after controlling for the effects of gender and education (r=0.454, p<0.001). Meanwhile a negatively relationship was founded between WMH volume and MMSE (r=-0.339, p<0.023) by partial correlation analysis. Although no significant correlation was noted between the number of LI and MMSE in a univariate analysis, it did correlate significantly with the MMSE score after controlling for the effects of demographic variables and WMH volume(r=-0.306, p<0.041). Conclusions: WMH and the number of LI both correlated with cognitive dysfunction. Each of the two MRI parameters contributed independently to general cognitive impairment in patients with SIVD as a result of cerebral small vessel disease. 【Keywords】: white matter hyperintensities; lacunar infarcts; vascular cognitive impairment; subcortical ischemic vascular disease |